Jurisprudence 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Jurisprudence 2 - Essay Example uggests that though main purpose of law is to protect interests of common people and maintain an atmosphere of social discipline, the issue of equality should not be ignored and all those institutions that are responsible for legal enforcement, should also be restrained from executing such steps that would violate the state of equality. Equal protection of law, which comes aftermath, reflects the ideal that law should be protected equally and the state of equal protection can only be attained if equality before law is respected accordingly. However, looking at social structure and consequent legal discourses that are aimed at attaining the situation of equality, it can be said that such state of equality has not been attained and in â€Å"Law & Ideology†, Robert Gordon, after analyzing nature of such legal discourses has pointed out, â€Å""[L]egal discourses ... routinely help to create and maintain the ordinary inequalities of everyday social life †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gordon, 20 08, p. 1226). A chronological study of ancient to modern legal philosophy, sociology and theories of social construction would clearly point out that according to jurisprudential arguments, one of the major reasons behind failure to attain desired social equality is several issues that have become integrally associated with different traits of human existence and restrain them from respecting the issue of equal existence. It is very often said that people were equal at the stage of their natural existence but since the time they became aware about necessity to develop community and live as social creatures, factors of equality or inequality intervened and later on started to dominate their existence. With the progress of human civilization and result of intellectual movements, people were gradually becoming aware of factors like, gender, class, social status, ethnicity, national identity, sexual orientation etc. While a particular section of people regarded understanding of these factors as scope to

Factors on the Four Functions of Management Essay Example for Free

Factors on the Four Functions of Management Essay In regards to internal and external factors that can significantly influence the four functions of management, include such items as globalization, technology, diversity, ethics and innovation. Furthermore, all of these items pay an important role in the dominance of General Motors in the automotive industry. GM has changed manufacture attitudes to concentrate on some strategic priorities those being to become common, envision lean and compete fast, participate on a worldwide footing, cultivate the business and as a rule significantly keep their attention on the finished goods. General Motors is determined to be committed to a lean and familiar single, global manufacturing approach (Automotive Intelligence News, 2003). The external factor of globalization is a major factor in today’s business world. Globalization additionally adds to the factors of cultural diversity and cultural ethics as it pertains to business climate, culture and organization. Likewise, even in the US General Motors deals with the issues of diversity and values based of the many cultures that live within the country. Diversity can be both a help and a hindrance to the four function of management, in that when cultural diversity is utilized correctly it aids in all phases of business. However, if both the countries or the individual workers feel that their culture or beliefs are being looked down upon or are demeaned this can lead to serious repercussion. The same ca be said concerning the ethics each culture holds management must walk a fine line to ensure no vilification or no indignity occurs. Globalization needs a firm touch and a steady hand in the first planning, which entails what countries a company wants to build and sell their goods to, while maintaining a presence in that country. What value the product will bring, the cost of materials, taxes or tariffs, and if the people of those countries have a  need, the cost, and the desire to purchase their vehicles. As to organizing, in globalization GM must ensure that local customs will not be pushed aside and must they maintain a proper level of respect and decorum in dealing with the local population and their cultural identity. Manager must organize by creating a dialog with other countries on GM’s products, explaining the utilization of each countries environmental assets and capital, showing how that being a partnering country with GM will help their country and its people. They must correspondingly incorporate the concept of co-design and systems approach, during the organization function to ensure each country has the belief that they are truly partners with GM. General Motors is currently in the process of restructuring their Global Vehicle Engineering organization. The reason they are doing this is to enhance cross-system integration and to bring more coherent implementation across vehicle platforms. They are also further addressing the functional safety and compliance in its vehicles worldwide (GM News, 2014). Whereas this reorganization moves GM away from long-established regional authority toward an organization built on global functions. As to the role of leading, globalization brings with it a different set of problems and requirements. In General Motors situation the leading function of management, in the terms of what the role intention is remains the same and can be defined as the focus of guiding the activities of personnel with motivation. However, the challenges of doing so on a global scale are daunting because of issues in cultural difference, in ethics and diversity. Managers must have a working knowledge of the country’s culture, its ethical stances, and language differences both verbal and nonverbal. The controlling function of management within globalization again comes with its own set of issues that need to be overcome. Likewise, to be able to establish standards, then measure the performance in contrast to those standards and make corrective changes to those standards and plans that have been determined ineffective (Merchant, 1982). In a global setting put additional meaning to the controlling function of management. Management for General Motors have been successful in the endeavor and proof of this can be seen in how they continue to rank near or at the top the list of vehicles sold worldwide. GM is closing the gap on Toyota lead in sales, because of changes in how they are using the control function of management to correct the situation.  Since, GM began to renovate its vehicle roster into one of the keenest and newest in the automotive industry from one of the eldest and more outdated ones (Jie, Horie, 2014). So any and everyone can see how globalization as an external factor affects a company such as General Motors in its operations of the four functions of management. Technology in this c ase should be considered both and external and internal factor that can affect a company such as GM. Since, technology deals with not only information and enterprise systems to run a business, it also deals with the creation of new products and equipment to be use in their cars and trucks. General Motors in being such a large global company have an extensive enterprise system to deal with employees, customers, security, and data collection to enable it to run both effectively and efficiently on a global scale. However, technology in the creation and advancement of products goes hand in hand with innovation. We can see how technology is part of innovation, in the way GM addresses the idea of a fully electric car that can go 200 miles between charges. Additionally, the connection of technology and innovation is seen in General Motors electric and gas hybrid car the Chevy Volt. GM similarly has an all-electric car that can go 82 miles on a charge called the Chevy Spark (The Denver Post, 2013). General Motor’s innovations created a need for better technology in electric car batteries, charging systems. They also created a need for electric charging facilities for people who are traveling on long trips, which are still under research as to cost, viability, and the possibility. All of this innovation leads to technology to design and build components that will be needed to compete in this sector of the industry. What is more, all four functions of management are thoroughly affected by globalization, diversity, ethics, innovation and technology as these elements play a crucial role in the structure and running of any business in today world economy. References Automotive Intelligence News. (2003). GMs Global Manufacturing System A System To Build Great Cars and Trucks. Retrieved from http://www.autointell.com/News-2003/January-2003/January-2003-1/January-03-03-p6.htm GM News. (2014). GM Restructures Global Engineering for Cross-System Integration. Retrieved from http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2014/Apr/0422-global-eng.html Jie, M. Horie, M. (2014). Toyota Beats GM in 2013 as 10 Million Vehicles Seen. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-23/toyota-beats-gm-vw-in-2013-car-sales-sees-3-growth-this-year.html Merchant, K. (1982). Controlling Function of Management. Retrieved from http://sloanreview.mit.edu/ The Denver Post. (2013). General Motors working on 200-mile electric car, exec says. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_24109259/general-motors-working-200-mile-electric-car-exec

Warhammer40k: The darkest millennium

Warhammer40k: The darkest millennium This is the 41st millenniuman age of wars. Since the God-Emperor of Mankind ended the Age of Strife and set up the Imperium of Man 10,000 years ago, his twenty Primarchs[L1] and sons started the Great Crusade to recapture every human colony which lost during the warp storm in the galaxy. As the banner of the Imperium was spreading fast, the best son of the EmperorWarmaster Horus, betrayed his own father shamefully. We call it the ‘Horus Heresy’ .Half of the Emperor’s Space Marine Legions converted to the worship of the four Chaos Gods. Though these rebels were ultimately defeated, the Emperor was critically wounded in the final battle with his traitor son Horus and survived on life support in a persistent vegetative state on the Golden Throne. In the absence of his guidance, the Imperium has to become a very brutal authoritarian regime. And now, the Imperium is simply fight for survival. Our story begins from 60 years ago. That time I was still served in the Imper ial Guard in the 101st Cadian legion, served for the God-Emperor of Mankind as a normal guardsman. And I knew a man whose name is Charles Morgan, an old friend and a great legend of the Imperium of Man Chapter 1: For the Emperor! The Far-East Segmentum[L2] of the Imperium System of Chris Chris No.1 West state A mouth after landing â€Å"We need backup! Backup!†A sergeant shouts loudly â€Å"There are too many of them! Retreat! Retreat!† He waves his chainsaw sword and cuts a head of an ork â€Å"Fall back Guards!†He shouts again. The lasgun[L3] in his hand keeps spraying deadly laser beams. â€Å"Sergeant Morgan?†A young soldier stands beside him and says â€Å"Sir! We’re running out of ammo!†The young soldier looks nervous â€Å"What we gonna do, sir! Charles looks at him, the young soldier had lost an eye in the battle before and his body armor has torn, blood on his face. He puts down the sword â€Å"I have no idea, just pray to the Emperor† He says. â€Å"Seriously, sir?† The young man says with fear on his face â€Å"But it has been three weeks since we were trapped here† Charles glances at him â€Å"Don’t worry son, our reinforcements will come soon, you must strengthen you faith guard and remember, you are not fighting for yourself or anything else, you are fighting for the emperor!†He turns around towards the young soldier â€Å"On your feet guard!† The soldier snaps to attention. â€Å"Who are you?†He asks loudly. â€Å"The man of Cadia!† The young man shouts. â€Å"What are you?†He asks again. â€Å"The Sledgehammer of the emperor and the cornerstone of the Imperium!†He cries loudly, with frenzy on his face. â€Å"Correct guard! Remember, we’re the army from the Eye of Terror[L4] and we have nothing to fear! Now dismiss!† â€Å"Yes, sir!†The young man quickly pick up his lasgun and gets into his position. Charles looks around ,they are in a small town in the west state of Chris No.1.Obviously orks have killed all the civilians before they came, he and his squad has been trapped here for three weeks, no backup, no fire support and no reinforcement. He knows that if there are still no backup or any supply, he and his men will soon be exhausted and they will finally become a big meal of these damn green hybrids. â€Å"Waaaaagh!!!† â€Å"Orks incoming!!!† A guard shouts. â€Å"Hold your position guards!†He says â€Å"In his name, attack!!!†He puts the orks into the sight of his lasgun again and pulls the trigger. â€Å"Boom!!!!†Suddenly, a big explosion happens in the centre of orks. â€Å"What the h†Then, a giant figure interrupts Charles, he looks up at the sky, and the sky turns into dark. â€Å"It’s the ‘Kingfisher ’!†A guard shouts excitedly. â€Å"Praise the God-Emperor† Charles whispers. Soon the giant figure shows itselfThe Imperial Luna class cruiser ‘Kingfisher ’. With the powerful canons on it, the orks are completely in a mess. â€Å"We made it! We made it!†Charles shouts excited â€Å"Here are our reinforcements!† â€Å"Yeah!!!!† The last ten guards burst into cheers. â€Å"All right guards!†Charles stands out from the bunker â€Å"Let’s fight back!†He shouts â€Å"Imperial Guard! Attack!† He holds his chainsaw sword and rushes towards the green sea in front of him â€Å"For the Emperor!!!†The sawtooth of high-speed rotation cuts a head of an ork easily, with blood splashing on his face. â€Å"For the Emperor!!!† So excitedly did the ten guards follow his step, hold their lasgun and shoot madly. A big shadow appears from the horizon, it’s the Leman Russ main Battle Tank, with 101st on its armor. The 400mm main gun can lacerate orks’ bodies easily, and three heavy bolters[L5] on it could destroy everything which dares to approach them. Then, another two Leman Russ Tanks appear. â€Å"It’s a tank squad!† Charles shouts excited. Then, more and more tanks appear and after these tanks, there are Armoured Fist Squads[L6], Veteran Squads and the best of all—the Storm Troopers, with Hellgun[L7] in their hands. â€Å"Goddamnedhumans!!!!† A roar comes with anger. â€Å"A Warboss!† Charles screamed â€Å"Attention guards!† Then a big self-made missile fires from the green sea. â€Å"BOOM!!!† The Leman Russ tank in the front was destroyed in a second. But obviously its’ rude behaviour attracts more and more attentions. Thousands of laser beams and bullets fly towards it. â€Å"Waaaagh!!!!† The ork Warboss covers its’ face with its’ big hand. â€Å"Iwillbe back!!!† Then it turns around and run away quickly. The rest of orks cannot keep fighting any more without their boss and the guards soon clear the area, send every ork to the hell. â€Å"Sergeant Charles Morgan!† A captain of The Storm Trooper walks towards him. â€Å"Sorry man, we’re late, the greenskins from north slowed us down.† â€Å"That’s OK, I’m already very glad that you come.† â€Å"So sergeant, get on the Chimera[L8] over there, let’s back to the ship, someone wants to see you.† â€Å"Someone? Who?† â€Å"A master from the Ordo Malleus[E9].† The captain says â€Å"Usually won’t be anything good you know.† â€Å"Yep, to tell you the truth, these greenskins are cuter than these judges.† â€Å"Oh, I agree with you on that, so good luck man, we have to go now.† Chapter 2: An impossible mission â€Å"Judge Johnson! I’m telling you that’s impossible!† At the bridge of the ‘Kingfisher’, Charles shouts loudly. â€Å"The Emperor needs you, sergeant!† A man with a powerful powered armor says. â€Å"If it is, your majesty† Charles says â€Å"The Emperor will never give us a suicide mission!† â€Å"No, he won’t indeed.† The judge says â€Å"Only if the Imperium is in great danger.† â€Å"Great danger? By who? These geenskins? You must be kidding me!† â€Å"And you should know that I’m from the Ordo Malleus not the Ordo Xenos, so I’m not in charge of the orks’ business.† â€Å"I know who you are, your majesty.† Charles says â€Å"You came for daemons, but have you even think about what kind of daemon will choose such a poor world?† â€Å"You mean Chris? She’s not poor in fact.† Johnson says. â€Å"Oh, that’s not what I heard of.† Says Charles. â€Å"Then what you think why you are here sergeant?† He asks â€Å"If she is just a normal world, why would the commanding room send you guys here?† â€Å"What?† â€Å"I mean it’s unnecessary to send a Cadian legion to a normal world, isn’t it?† â€Å"So Chris must be something wrong.† Says Charles. â€Å"And it must be something about Chaos!† Answers Johnson â€Å"Clever sergeant!† â€Å"So why don’t you find some Space Marines or Adeptus Sororitas[L10]?† Asks Charles. â€Å"Oh~you know what’s the meaning of ‘stalk’ sergeant? What I need isn’t a war machine, instead, I want a man who can use his brain.† Says the judge â€Å"I need a spy, not a super worrier, do you understand me sergeant?† He walks around Charles and says â€Å"And you are the man that I’m looking for.† â€Å"Yes, your majesty, as your wish.† Charles salutes to the judge. â€Å"Good sergeant, now come with me, you are not alone.† â€Å"You mean there is still some else will join the mission?† â€Å"You will see.† â€Å"What? You want me to work with these guys?† In the bar of the ship, there are seven men sitting in the corner of the bar. â€Å"Let me introduce them for you sergeant.† Says Johnson the judge â€Å"The tallest man over there is the notorious pirate‘rattlesnake’ and the pretty lady in front of you is the assassin from the Officio Assassinorum[L11] names Brambles, the beautiful lady on your right is Alyssa Linster from the Alaitoc[L12] of Eldar and the bald guy on you left is the famous mercenary from CatachanEugene and the last gentleman over there is brother O’stantintic from the Adeptus Mechanicus[L13]!† â€Å"A group of mobs.† Charles whispers. â€Å"Hey! You wanna cause troubles boy?† The bald guy shouts. â€Å"I’d love to, bastard!† Charles provokes. â€Å"Come boy! I killed thousands of men like you!† Eugene laughs â€Å"Useless guardsman!† Suddenly, Charles takes out his combat knife and put it to his neck â€Å"Say it again!† His shouts â€Å"Who is useless? Who!† â€Å"Easy sergeant.† Johnson appears â€Å"Impulsive young man.† He sighs â€Å"And you!† He suddenly point at Eugene â€Å"Shut up your mouth Eugene! We are a team now!† He looks around â€Å"I don’t want to see anything like this an more! Are you clear?† â€Å"As your wish, your majesty.† â€Å"You have three hours, see you at the bridge.† Says Johnson â€Å"Now dismiss!† â€Å"All right guys, our plan is† In the bridge of the ‘Kingfisher’, a group of men with different status and faith gathers together. â€Å"So that is our plan, you get it?† Johnson says â€Å"Captain Wolf of the Imperial Navy will drop us in the north pole of Chris No.1, there is an ancient temple and we’re gonna stalk there to find out what the heretics are doing there, and then put them and their business into hell! And during the mission the ‘Kingfisher’ will be always above us! Are you clear?† â€Å"You got it!† â€Å"What about you, Sergeant Morgan?† â€Å"I’m fine, sir!† â€Å"All right guys, from now, forget who you really are, remember, you are just like ‘them’!† â€Å"No problem, sir!† â€Å"All right, the Emperor protect!† Johnson prays. â€Å"The Emperor protect!!!† â€Å"Let’s move out!† -Charming Lee See you next season! [L1]The creatures of the Emperor, twenty powerful warriors, with the Emperor’s gene. [L2]Province that cross the stars. [L3]A kind of laser gun. [L4]Once the Eldars’ home, now is the biggest exit of the warp, demons from warp usually come out from it. [L5]A kind of gun that fires a kind of bullet that like a tiny missile. [L6]A kind of squad that is consist of a Chimera and a guard squad. [L7]A kind of laser gun, more powerful than lasgun and more expensive than lasgun. [L8]A kind of armoured vehicles. [E9]One of the Inquisitions. The Imperium has three Inquisitions—Ordo Malleus for the daemons from wrap, Ordo Hereticus for the traitors and the Ordo Xenos for the aliens. [L10]Sisters of Battle, belongs to the Ordo Hereticus. [L11]A place that trains assassins for the Imperium. [L12]One of the tribes of the Eldar. [L13]A religion of the Imperium, they believe that machine has spirit and they controlled every factory and school in the Imperium.

Hamlets Crazy! :: essays research papers

Hamlet’s Crazy!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea of madness portrayed by Hamlet and Ophelia is a perfect example of the changes that occur after certain traumatic situations. Hamlet’s actions throughout the play are a direct reaction towards the trauma earlier in the play. Ophelia and her ending in life is the ultimate price of madness. Both Hamlet and Ophelia were not the only two people in this play that had gone mad. In the end, the whole cast had gone mad. Hamlet’s madness played a bigger role in the play than Hamlet himself. In the very beginning, when Hamlet first conversed with his dead father’s ghost, Hamlet and his sanity had changed. Hamlet had gone insane after seeing a ghost. This was not such a wrong thing. In one scene, Hamlet said nothing but a grunt to Ophelia, who was left dumbfounded in fright. Ophelia may of sensed Hamlet’s madness at this point. Perhaps it had rubbed off on her. In a speech directed towards Polonius, Hamlet, with total disregard of Polonius and his feeling’s, repeatedly offended him. Polonius was in deed testing him at this time. Claudius had witnessed this and said there was method in his madness-- I agree. After all of this it is fairly obvious that Hamlet’s madness had written the play. If Hamlet were stable with his Father’s death, and his Mother’s re-marriage, the plot would be far less great and the play would have ended in the first scene. The whole idea of Hamlet and his madness thickened the plot and furthered the play. Would Polonious have died without Hamlet’s madness? Or would Ophelia drown herself without Hamlet and his ways? Not likely. Hamlet was not the only one who had gone mad with rage; Laertes too had gone mad. Near the end of the play, after his father had been slain and his sister drown, Laertes too had caught the â€Å"Hamlet Madness Disease.† Laertes might have had an immature jealousy towards Hamlet, but I disagree. Strangely, Hamlet seemed to act more sane when Laertes began to lash out at Hamlet while attending his dead sister’s funeral. From that point on Hamlet seemed more calm and together. He apologized to Laertes for killing his father, and blamed it on his madness. He then referred to him as a brother. These are not the actions of a mad man, but of a man with regret and solitude.

Vehicle Tracking System

Baburao Kodavati, V. K. Raju, S. Srinivasa Rao, A. V. Prabu, T. Appa Rao, Dr. Y. V. Narayana/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www. ijera. com Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 616-625 GSM AND GPS BASED VEHICLE LOCATION AND TRACKING SYSTEM 1 Baburao Kodavati, 2 V. K. Raju, 3S. Srinivasa Rao, 4A. V. Prabu, 5T. Appa Rao, 6 Dr. Y. V. Narayana 1. Asst. Prof in ECE Dept, 2. Asso. Prof in ECE Dept 3. HOD of ECE Dept 4. Lecturar in AE&IE Dept,5.. Asst. Prof in EE Dept. 6. Principal 1,2,&4,5- Gandhi Institute Of Engg & Technology , Gunupur,Rayagada,Orissa-765022,India 3. IACREC,rayagada,Orissa. . TEC, Jonnalagadda(P), Narasaraopet-522601, Guntur(Dist), A. P. ABSTRACT: A vehicle tracking system combines the installation of an electronic device in a vehicle, or fleet of vehicles, with purpose-designed computer software to enable the owner or a third party to track the vehicle's location, collecting data in the process. Modern vehicle tracking systems co mmonly use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology for locating the vehicle, but other types of automatic vehicle location technology can also be used. Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or specialized software.In the main they are easy to steal, and the average motorist has very little knowledge of what it is all about. To avoid this kind of steal we are going to implement a system it provides more security to the vehicle. Existing System: In the previous system security lock and alarm is implemented in a car. If a burglar can break open the lock, then it becomes easy for the burglar to steal the car. And in old security system if the car is stolen then it is out of the owner control. User doesn’t have any awareness about the current location of the vehicle.The Proposed System: The RF transmitter is attached with the vehicle which has its own identification. This data will be continuously transmitted to the RF receiver connected to the m icrocontroller. This GPS will be location the position of vehicle and transmit that data to the microcontroller. Suppose the RF receiver not receiving signal from the transmitting unit, receiver unit send the signal to the microcontroller, from that we can identify the theft. If the vehicle is theft it automatically sends location of the vehicle to its owner as a SMS through GSM modem.This will be a much simpler and low cost technique compared to others. If a password like SMS is sent by the owner, it automatically stops the vehicle Keywords: Global Positioning System (GPS), RF receiver and transmitter, operations and maintenance center (OMC) and Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK). 1. INTRODUCTION: GSM and GPS based vehicle location and tracking system will provide effective, real time vehicle location, mapping and reporting this information value and adds by improving the level of service provided.A GPS-based vehicle tracking system will inform where your vehicle is and where it has been, how long it has been. The system uses geographic position and time information from the Global Positioning Satellites. The system has an â€Å"OnBoard Module† which resides in the vehicle to be tracked and a â€Å"Base Station† that monitors data from the various vehicles. The On-Board module consists of GPs receiver, a GSM modem www. ijera. com 616 | P a g e Baburao Kodavati, V. K. Raju, S. Srinivasa Rao, A. V. Prabu, T. Appa Rao, Dr. Y. V. Narayana/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www. jera. com Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 616-625 1. 1 Vehicle Tracking System: A vehicle tracking system combines the installation of an electronic device in a vehicle, or fleet of vehicles, with purposedesigned computer software at least at one operational base to enable the owner or a third party to track the vehicle's location, collecting data in the process from the field and deliver it to the base of operation. Modern vehicle tracking systems commonly use GPS or GLONASS technology for locating the vehicle, but other types of automatic vehicle location technology can also be used.Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or specialized software. Vehicle tracking systems are also popular in consumer vehicles as a theft prevention and retrieval device. Police can simply follow the signal emitted by the tracking system and locate the stolen vehicle. When used as a security system, a Vehicle Tracking System may serve as either an addition to or replacement for a traditional Car alarm. Some vehicle tracking systems make it possible to control vehicle remotely, including block doors or engine in case of emergency.The existence of vehicle tracking device then can be used to reduce the insurance cost. 1. 2 GSM Overview: Special Mobile), Global System for Mobile is the world's most Fig 1. GSM Modem Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network.A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up modem 2. GSM MODEM: 1. 3 GPS Overview: The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver.The GPS project was started in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems, integrating ideas from several predecessor s, including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. GPS was created and realized by the U. S. Department of Defense (USDOD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1994. both consumers, who may benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network operators, who can choose equipment from many GSM equipment vendors. Communications or GSM (originally from Groupe opular standard for mobile telephone systems. The GSM Association estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard. [1] GSM is used by over 1. 5 billion people [2] across more than 212 countries and territories. [3] This ubiquity means that subscribers can use their phones throughout the world, enabled by international roaming arrangements between mobile network operators. GSM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a secon d generation (2G) mobile phone system. The GSM standard has been an advantage to www. jera. com 617 | P a g e Baburao Kodavati, V. K. Raju, S. Srinivasa Rao, A. V. Prabu, T. Appa Rao, Dr. Y. V. Narayana/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www. ijera. com Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 616-625 sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives data through radio waves. The working of GSM modem is based on commands, the commands always start with AT (which means ATtention) and finish with a character. For example, the dialing command is ATD; ATD3314629080; here the dialing command ends with semicolon.The AT commands are given to the GSM modem with the help of PC or controller. The GSM modem is serially interfaced with the controller with the help of MAX 232.. 2. 1 Circuit Diagram: GSM system. To achieve the basic definition of a new system a meeting was held in 1982 under the auspices of the Confer ence of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT). They formed a study group called the Groupe Special Mobile ( GSM ) to study and develop a pan-European public land mobile system. Several basic criteria that the new cellular technology would have to meet were set down for the new GSM system to meet.These included: good subjective speech quality, low terminal and service cost, support for international roaming, ability to support handheld terminals, support for range of new services and facilities, spectral efficiency, and finally ISDN compatibility. With the levels of under-capacity being projected for the analogue systems, this gave a real sense of urgency to the GSM development. Although decisions about the exact nature of the cellular technology were not taken at an early stage, all parties involved had been working toward a digital system. This decision was finally made in February 1987. This gave a variety of advantages.Greater levels of spectral efficiency could be gained, and in addition to this the use of digital circuitry would allow for higher levels of integration in the circuitry. This in turn would result in cheaper handsets with more features. Nevertheless Fig 2. GSM Modem Circuit Diagram significant hurdles still needed to be overcome. For example, many of the methods for encoding the speech within a sufficiently narrow bandwidth needed to be developed, and this posed a significant risk to the project. Nevertheless the GSM system had been started. Global usage:Originally GSM had been planned as a European system.However the first indication that the success of GSM was spreading further a field occurred when the Australian network provider, Telstra signed the GSM Memorandum of Understanding. New approaches: Neither of these approaches proved to be the long-term solution as cellular technology needed to be more efficient. With the experience gained from the NMT system, showing that it was possible to develop a system across national boundaries, and wi th the political situation in Europe lending itself to international cooperation it was decided to develop a new Pan-European System.Furthermore it was realized that economies of scale would bring significant benefits. This was the beginnings of the www. ijera. com 618 | P a g e Baburao Kodavati, V. K. Raju, S. Srinivasa Rao, A. V. Prabu, T. Appa Rao, Dr. Y. V. Narayana/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www. ijera. com Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 616-625 Frequencies:Originally it had been intended that GSM would operate on frequencies in the 900 MHz cellular band. In September 1993, the British operator Mercury One-to-One launched a network.Termed DCS 1800 it operated at frequencies in a new 1800 MHz band. By adopting new frequencies new operators and further competition was introduced into the market apart from allowing additional spectrum to be used and further increasing the overall capacity. This trend was followed in many countries , and soon the term DCS 1800 was dropped in favour of calling it GSM as it was purely the same cellular technology but operating on a different frequency band. In view of the higher frequency used the distances the signals travelled was slightly shorter but this was ompensated for by additional base stations. In the USA as well a portion of spectrum at 1900 MHz was allocated for cellular usage in 1994. The licensing body, the FCC, did not legislate which technology should be used, and accordingly this enabled GSM to gain a foothold in the US market. This system was known as PCS 1900 (Personal Communication System) Fig 3. GSM Network Elements The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the switching system GSM provides recommendations, not and to the BSC. The implementation of OMC is called the operation and support system (OSS).The OSS is the functional entity from which the network operator monitors and controls the system. The purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective support for centralized, regional, and local operational and maintenance activities that are required for a GSM network. An important function of OSS is to provide a network overview and support the maintenance activities of different operation and maintenance organizations. requirements. The GSM specifications define the functions and interface requirements in detail but do not address the hardware.The reason for this is to limit the designers as little as possible but still to make it possible for the operators to buy equipment from different suppliers. The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system (SS), the base station system (BSS), and the operation and support system (OSS). 3. THE GSM NETWORK: www. ijera. com 619 | P a g e Baburao Kodavati, V. K. Raju, S. Srinivasa Rao, A. V. Prabu, T. Appa Rao, Dr. Y. V. Narayana/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www. ijera. com Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 16-625 SPECIFICATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS FOR GSM The specifications and characteristics for GSM ? frequency band—The frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile station to base station). ? duplex distance—The duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distance is the distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart. ? channel separation—The separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is 200 kHz. ? modulation—Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the characteristics of a carrier frequency.This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK). ? transmission rate—GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps. ? is used to send the position (Latitude and Longitude) of the vehicle from a remote place. The GPS modem will continuously give the data i. e. the latitude and longitude indicating the position of t he vehicle. The GPS modem gives many parameters as the output, but only the NMEA data coming out is read and displayed on to the LCD. The same data is sent to the mobile at the other end from where the position of the vehicle is demanded.An EEPROM is used to store the mobile number. The hardware interfaces to microcontroller are LCD display, GSM modem and GPS Receiver. The design uses RS-232 protocol modems for serial communication between the and the microcontroller. A serial driver IC is used for converting TTL voltage levels to RS-232 voltage levels. In the main they are easy to steal, and the average motorist has very little knowledge of what it is all about. To avoid this kind of steal we are going to implement this project which provides more security to the vehicle.When the request by user is sent to the number at the modem, the system automatically sends a return reply to that mobile indicating the position of RESULT 4. 1 GSM AND GPS BASED VECHICLE LOCATION AND TRACKING SYST EM Description Present project is designed using 8051 microcontroller in this Project it is proposed to design an embedded system which is used for tracking and positioning of any vehicle by using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global system for mobile communication (GSM). the vehicle in terms of latitude and longitude from this information we can track our vehicles. 4. APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES 4. . APPLICATIONS ? ? ? Stolen vehicle recovery . Field sevice management. It is used for food delivery and car rental companies. 4. 2 ADVANTAGES: In this project AT89S52 microcontroller is used for interfacing to various hardware peripherals. The current design is an embedded application, which will continuously monitor a moving Vehicle and report the status of the Vehicle on demand. For doing so an AT89S52 microcontroller is interfaced serially to a GSM Modem and GPS Receiver. A GSM modem ? From the remote place we can access the system. ? It provides more security than other system . www. ijera. om 620 | P a g e Baburao Kodavati, V. K. Raju, S. Srinivasa Rao, A. V. Prabu, T. Appa Rao, Dr. Y. V. Narayana/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www. ijera. com Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 616-625 ? By this we can position the vehicle in exact place. [8] Youjing Cui and Shuzhi Sam Ge,†Autonomous vehicle positioning with GPS in urban canyon environments†, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION, vol. 19, NO. 1, pp 15-25, February 2003. BOOKS REFFERED Adler, R. B. , A. C. Smith, and R. L. Longani: â€Å"Introduction to Semiconductor Physics,† vol. , p. 78, Semiconductor Electronics Education Comitee, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , New York ,1964. ? Jacob Millman Christos C. Halkias. : â€Å"Electronic Devices And Circuits†, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd. Sep, 2003. ? Schade, O. H. : â€Å"Analysis of Rectifier Operation†, proc. IRE, vol. 31, pp. 341-361, July, 1943. ? Stout, M. B. : â€Å"Analysis of Rectifier Circuits†, Elec. Eng. , vol. 54, September, 1935. ? The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems using Assembly and C by Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie, Rolin D. Mckinlay. ? Wireless communication and netwoking – JonW.Mark and Weihua Zhqung,PHI,2005. ? â€Å"Power Electronics† by M D Singh and K B Khanchandan ? â€Å"Linear Integrated Circuits† by D Roy Choudary & Shail Jain WEBSITES: ? http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sevensegment_display ? http://www. gsm-modem. de/ ? http://www. datasheetsite. com/datasheet/MA X232 ? http://www. rentron. com/rf_remote_control. h tm ? http://www. atmel. com/dyn/resources/prod_d ocuments/doc0401. pdf APPENDIX: SOURCE CODE MAIN SOURCE CODE ? 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE Vehicle tracking system is becoming increasingly important in large cities and it is more secured than other systems.Now a days vehicle thefting is rapidly increasing , with this we can have a good control in it. The veh icle can be turned off by only with a simple SMS. Since, now a days the cost of the vehicles are increasing they will not step back to offord it. This setup can be made more interactive by adding a display to show some basic information about the vehicle and also add emergency numbers which can be used in case of emergency. Upgrading this setup is very easy which makes it open to future requirements without the need of rebuilding everything from scratch, which also makes it more efficient.JOURNALS REFFERED: [1] MarkoWolf, AndreWeimerskirch, and ThomasWollinger, â€Å"State of the Art: Embedding security in vehicles†, Journal on Embedded Systems, Volume 2007, Article ID 74706. [2] J. -P. Hubaux, S. C Apkun, and J. Luo, â€Å"The security and privacy of smart vehicles,† IEEE Security & Privacy Magazine, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 49–55, 2004. [3] Alison Brown, JacobGriesbach and Bruce Bockius, â€Å"GPS traking location based service using wrist watch GeoZigBee Sensorsâ € , Proceddings of ION NTM, 2007, Som Diego, pp 1-10, December 2007. [4] W. Stallings, â€Å"Cryptography and Network Security†, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 4th edition, 2005. 5] Ingrid Verbourwhede, Frank Hoornaert, Joos Vandewalle, Hugo J. Deman â€Å"Security and performance optimization of a new DES†, IEEE Journal on Solid State ciruits, vol. 23, no. 3, pp 647656, 1999. [6] National Institute of Standards & Technology, â€Å"FIPS-46-3: Data Encryption Standard (DES),† October 1977, reaffirmed in October 1999. [7] Sinpyo Hong, Man Hyung Lee, Sun Hong Kwon, and Ho Hwan Chun, â€Å"A Car test for the estimation of GPS/INS alignment errors†, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, VOL. 5, NO. 3, pp 208-218, SEPTEMBER 2004. #include #include†SERIAL. c† #include†LCD. † sbit rf=P2^0; sbit relay=P0^1; sbit motor=P0^0; unsigned char asc,ok[2],r[4],a,n[15],e[15],i,oxoa, a,m[20],j,temp[10],temp1[10]; void cmdwrt_lcd(unsigned char cmd); void serial_transmit(unsigned char *srstr); void command(unsigned char d[]); void serial_tx(unsigned char srda); www. ijera. com 621 | P a g e Baburao Kodavati, V. K. Raju, S. Srinivasa Rao, A. V. Prabu, T. Appa Rao, Dr. Y. V. Narayana/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www. ijera. com Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 616-625 void delay1(); void gps() { do { do { oxoa = serial_rx(); }while(oxoa ! = 0x0A); for(i=0;i

How valid is the view that Germany was treated leniently in essays

How valid is the view that Germany was treated leniently in essays The treaty of Versailles was signed on the 28th of June 1919 by the Weimar government. The French, British, and American governments designed the peace settlement in order to place blame on Germany for starting the war. The consequences being that the German government would have to pay reparations, as well as loss of one third of land and most of the colonies. This caused total out rage within the German public, as they had always been led to believe that it had been a defensive war, through propaganda. There is much historical debate over how leniently the Germans were treated in the settlement. John Maynard Keynes supports the view that Germany hadnt been treated fairly, although facts such as the treaty of Brest-Litovsk point to a more lenient approach. In this essay a full examination of how Germany was treated in the settlement, and if it is a valid view that the settlement was lenient will be given, with close reference to factual evidence and historic debate. The German public were outraged after the signing of the treaty, as popular belief was that it had been a defensive war and in no way was Germany to blame. The treaty was looked upon as harsh and unfair, with a grave humiliation placed over Germany. Today German honour is dragged to the grave, one papers view on the settlement. The agreement was that Germany would loss 1/3 of her land and would have to pay reparations totalling to 6600 million. Thus crippling her as the removal of Alsace and Lorraine an important industrial area would make it harder for Germany to pay the reparations back. Also restrictions were placed on her army and industries were taken over, such as the Rhineland. Germany however wasnt consulted over the terms and the leading powers dictated them to her, causing more frustration amongst the German population. The German foreign minister Brockdorff-Rantza commented that the bases of the treaty, which w...